By Astrid NR
Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the original author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Center for Uyghur Studies. We are sharing this for informational purposes only.
Original Source: Jurnal Post
Islam has a long-standing presence in China, dating back to the 7th century. Among the diverse Muslim communities in the country, the Uyghur and Hui ethnic groups are the most prominent. Despite sharing the Islamic faith, these two groups have experienced markedly different levels of cultural and religious repression, influenced by historical, ethnic, and political factors. This ana explores the contrasting experiences of Uyghur and Hui Muslims in China, highlighting the need for a nuanced understanding of the country’s ethnic and religious policies.
Historical Arrival of Islam in China
Islam was introduced to China during the Tang and Song dynasties (618–1279) via the overland and maritime Silk Roads. Arabian and Persian traders built tombs and mosques, combining traditional Arab and Chinese architectures, intermarried with local Chinese, and raised the first generation of Chinese-speaking Muslims. A significant landmark from this period is the Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou, reputedly the oldest surviving mosque in China, built by Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad.
Uyghur Muslims History
The Uyghur people, a Turkic ethnic group primarily residing in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, have a rich history that has significantly contributed to the cultural and intellectual heritage of Central Asia. During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Uyghur Khaganate emerged as a powerful entity, fostering advancements in literature, art, and architecture. The Uyghurs developed a unique script, the Old Uyghur alphabet, which influenced the writing systems of neighboring cultures. Their cities, such as Qocho and Beshbalik, became centers of learning and trade, facilitating the exchange of ideas along the Silk Road.
In the realm of religion, the Uyghurs played a pivotal role in the transmission of Buddhism into China before their conversion to Islam. They translated numerous Buddhist texts into Old Uyghur, preserving and disseminating religious knowledge. After embracing Islam between the 10th and 15th centuries, the Uyghurs continued to contribute to Islamic scholarship, producing notable works in theology, astronomy, and medicine. Their rich musical traditions, including the Twelve Muqam—a complex suite of songs, dances, and instrumental pieces—have been recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. These cultural achievements underscore the Uyghurs’ enduring legacy and their integral role in the historical mosaic of Central Asia.
The Uyghur people, a Turkic ethnic group primarily residing in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, have made significant contributions to Islamic culture and scholarship, particularly following their conversion to Islam between the 10th and 15th centuries.
Translation and Preservation of Islamic Texts
After embracing Islam, the Uyghurs played a crucial role in translating and preserving Islamic texts. They translated numerous Arabic and Persian works into the Uyghur language, making Islamic teachings more accessible to Turkic-speaking populations. This effort facilitated the spread of Islamic knowledge across Central Asia.
Advancements in Science and Medicine
Uyghur scholars contributed to various scientific fields, including astronomy and medicine. They engaged in the study of celestial bodies and developed medical practices that combined traditional Uyghur knowledge with Islamic medical principles. These advancements were instrumental in the broader Islamic Golden Age, influencing scientific thought in the Muslim world.
Cultural Contributions
The Uyghurs enriched Islamic culture through their unique artistic expressions. Their musical traditions, notably the Twelve Muqam—a complex suite of songs, dances, and instrumental pieces—have been recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Additionally, Uyghur architecture, exemplified by structures like the Emin Minaret in Turpan, showcases a blend of Islamic and local design elements, reflecting the Uyghurs’ integration of Islamic aesthetics into their cultural heritage.
The Hui Muslims: Integration and Religious Freedom
The Hui Muslims are predominantly Chinese-speaking and dispersed throughout China. They are descendants of foreign Muslim merchants and local Chinese who intermarried, leading to a unique blend of Islamic and Chinese cultures. The Hui have largely integrated into Han Chinese society, sharing linguistic and cultural similarities with the Han majority. This integration has afforded them relative freedom in practicing Islam, including the flourishing of mosques and religious education. Their assimilation has contributed to a harmonious coexistence with the Han Chinese, allowing them to maintain their religious practices without significant state interference.
The Uyghur Muslims: Cultural and Religious Repression
In contrast, the Uyghur Muslims, a Turkic-speaking ethnic group concentrated in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, have faced severe restrictions on their religious practices. Reports indicate bans on beards and hijabs, suppression of religious education, and the demolition of mosques. Additionally, there have been accounts of mass detentions, forced labor, and efforts to assimilate Uyghurs into Han culture. These measures have been widely condemned by international human rights organizations.
Factors Contributing to Divergent Experiences
Several factors contribute to the differing treatments of Hui and Uyghur Muslims:
- Ethnic and Cultural Differences
- Geopolitical Considerations
- Historical Relations with the State
Implications for China’s Religious and Ethnic Policies
China’s approach to religious and ethnic minorities, as evidenced by the contrasting experiences of Hui and Uyghur Muslims, reflects a complex interplay of integration, control, and repression. While the Hui have enjoyed relative religious freedom due to their assimilation, the Uyghurs have faced severe repression stemming from their distinct identity and geopolitical significance. This disparity raises concerns about human rights and the need for policies that respect cultural and religious diversity while addressing security concerns.
Despite their peaceful traditions, the Uyghurs have been unjustly associated with militancy and extremism. This misconception has led to widespread discrimination, including mass detentions, surveillance, and cultural suppression. However, numerous reports indicate that the majority of Uyghurs are peaceful individuals who seek to preserve their cultural identity and live harmoniously within society.
Discriminating against the Uyghurs not only violates their human rights but also undermines the rich cultural diversity that they contribute to the global community. Recognizing and respecting their heritage is essential for promoting social harmony and mutual understanding. It is imperative to move beyond unfounded stereotypes and acknowledge the Uyghurs’ rightful place in the tapestry of human civilization.
Conclusion
The stark contrast in the experiences of Hui and Uyghur Muslims in China underscores the complexities of the country’s ethnic and religious policies. Understanding these differences is crucial for developing nuanced approaches that uphold human rights and promote harmonious coexistence. It is imperative for the international community to advocate for the rights of all religious and ethnic minorities in China, ensuring that security measures do not come at the expense of cultural and religious freedoms.
References
https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/486/viewall/islam-in-china-part-1
https://thechinaworld.com/uyghur-rhythms-of-resilience-dancing-through-history
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